Day: September 16, 2022

Safety of 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetateIn 2022, Ebrahimi, Mahsa;Akhavan, Omid published 《Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Degradations of Analgesic, Mucolytic and Anti-Biotic/Viral/Inflammatory Drugs Widely Used in Controlling SARS-CoV-2》. 《Catalysts》published the findings. The article contains the following contents:

A review. The COVID-19 pandemic has been transformed into one of the main worldwide challenges, in recent years. For controlling symptoms that are caused by this disease (e.g., chills or fever, shortness of breath and/or difficulty in breathing, cough, sore throat, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, the new loss of tastes and/or smells, congestion or runny nose, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea), lots of medicines including analgesics, mucolytics, and anti-biotic/viral/inflammatory drugs have been frequently prescribed. As these medicines finally contaminate terrestrial and aquatic habitats by entering surface waterways through pharmaceutical production and excreting trace amounts of waste after human usage, they have neg. impacts on wildlife′s health and ecosystem. Residual drugs in water have the potential to harm aquatic creatures and disrupt their food chain as well as the breeding cycle. Therefore, proper degradation of these broadly used medicines is highly crucial. In this work, the use of nanomaterials applicable in photocatalytic degradations of analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen), mucolytics (e.g., ambroxol), antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin and quinolones including hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine phosphate), anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone and cortisone acetate), antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine), H2 blockers (e.g., famotidine), anthelmintics (e.g., praziquantel), and finally antivirals (e.g., ivermectin, acyclovir, lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir) which widely used in controlling/treating the coronavirus have been reviewed and discussed. To complete the study, the researchers used 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate (cas: 55981-09-4) .

2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate(cas: 55981-09-4) has been approved as an orphan drug for the treatment of diarrhea in children (age, 1–11 years) and is associated with giardiasis, but it also is approved for diarrhea caused by crytosporidiosis in patients with AIDS.Safety of 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Apaydin, Cagla Begum;Cinar, Gozde;Cihan-Ustundag, Gokce published 《Small-molecule Antiviral Agents in Ongoing Clinical Trials for COVID-19》 in 2021. The article was appeared in 《Current Drug Targets》. They have made some progress in their research.Related Products of 55981-09-4 The article mentions the following:

A review. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Dec. 2019 and has rapidly spread globally. As the confirmed number of cases has reached 83 million worldwide, the potential severity and the deadly complications of the disease requires urgent development of effective drugs for prevention and treatment. No proven effective treatment for this virus currently exists. Most of the antiviral discovery efforts are focused on the repurposing of approved or clin. stage drugs. This review highlights the small-mol. repurposed antiviral agents that are currently under investigation in clin. trials for COVID-19. These include viral polymerase and protease inhibitors remdesivir, galidesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, sofosbuvir, tenofovir/emtricitabine, baloxavir marboxil, EIDD-2801, lopinavir/ritonavir; virus-/host-directed viral entry and fusion inhibitors arbidol chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, chlorpromazine, camostat mesylate, nafamostat mesylate, bromhexine and agents with diverse/unclear mechanism of actions as oseltamivir, triazavirin, ivermectin, nitazoxanide, niclosamide and BLD-2660. The published preclin. and clin. data to date on these drugs as well as the mechanisms of action are reviewed.2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate (cas: 55981-09-4) were involved in the experimental procedure.

2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate(cas: 55981-09-4) has been approved as an orphan drug for the treatment of diarrhea in children (age, 1–11 years) and is associated with giardiasis, but it also is approved for diarrhea caused by crytosporidiosis in patients with AIDS.Related Products of 55981-09-4

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Formula: C7H5N3O2S《Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Potency of Butyl-Pyridone Based Azo Dyes》 was published in 2020. The authors were Kumar, Vinod;Keshavayya, J.;Matada, Mallikarjuna N.;Srinivasa, Sudhanva M.;Rangappa, S., and the article was included in《ChemistrySelect》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

A series of heterocyclic disperse azo dyes having pyridone architecture was prepared by a simple, economical and highly efficient diazo-coupling method. In this method, Bu pyridone was used as a common coupling component by changing the five heterocyclic amine moieties. The structural investigations of the analogous compounds were accomplished by various spectroscopic techniques. Further, all the azo dyes were examined for their potency towards antibacterial, antituberculosis and anticancer activities. The results revealed that all the dye mols. exhibited excellent tuberculosis activity and also very promising anticancer activity. In the case of the antibacterial assay, only a few azo dyes displayed good inhibition effect towards the tested bacterial strains. And 6-Nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (cas: 6285-57-0) was used in the research process.

6-Nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine(cas:6285-57-0 Formula: C7H5N3O2S) inhibits the activity of amines, which are small molecules found in many pharmaceuticals. The chemical structure of this drug contains one or more methylene groups that can be activated by diazonium salt to form an intermediate molecule with a reactive amine group.

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Pinheiro, Tiago Novaes;Leite, Milena Gomes Melo;da Silva, Cristiane Cantiga;Alexandre, Cleber Nunes;Cabral, Lioney Nobre;Carvalho, Hannah Marcelle Paulain;de Souza, Daniel Frota;Goncalves, Jessica Lourdes de Aguiar;de Souza, Thales Edecherly Nasserala;Melo, Nara Deise de Souza;Cintra, Luciano Tavares Angelo;Kanehira, Beatriz Terumi Barreto;de Albuquerque, Gustavo Cavalcanti published 《Comparative evaluation of vegetable matter involved lesions with oral parasitic infections in the oral cavity》. The research results were published in《Microscopy Research and Technique》 in 2022.Computed Properties of C12H9N3O5S The article conveys some information:

The current research aims to perform a comparative evaluation of vegetable matter involved lesions with oral parasitic infections found in oral mucosa, presenting histochem. methods to differentiate their microscopic similarities. Eight cases were selected out of a sample of 1.975 reports from a single Oral and Maxillofacial Pathol. Service of the authors institution from 2012 to 2019. Specimens were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, Gomori-Grocott staining, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, Giemsa, and mucicarmine staining. Microscopic anal. included fluorescence, polarized light, and confocal microscopy. Microscopically, in HE coloration, hookworm eggs showed as eosinophilic. Inflammatory multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes, were usually related to the nematode eggs, forming an intense inflammatory infiltrate. Biofluorescent properties of eggs and larvae revealed to be sensitive in the detection of parasitic structures contrasting with the inflamed connective tissue. Vegetable presence was confirmed by polarized light microscopy and it was found to be associated with microbial biofilms. Confocal microscopy has showed to be an excellent method for morphotype differentiation of parasitic eggs. Parasitic infection and vegetable matter displayed similarities in the inflammatory response, but the latter can rot and agglomerate biofilms. The microscopic diagnosis of such infections requires the interpretation of challenging morphol. features since the parasites are usually sectioned and mixed with an inflammatory reaction. These histochem. approaches proved to be excellent to distinguish both lesions. The experimental procedure involved many compounds, such as 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate (cas: 55981-09-4) .

2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate(cas: 55981-09-4) has been approved as an orphan drug for the treatment of diarrhea in children (age, 1–11 years) and is associated with giardiasis, but it also is approved for diarrhea caused by crytosporidiosis in patients with AIDS.Computed Properties of C12H9N3O5S

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Formula: C12H9N3O5S《Phenotypic screening techniques for Cryptosporidium drug discovery》 was published in 2021. The authors were Love, Melissa S.;McNamara, Case W., and the article was included in《Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

A review. Two landmark epidemiol. studies identified Cryptosporidium spp. as a significant cause of diarrheal disease in pediatric populations in resource-limited countries. Notably, nitazoxanide is the only approved drug for treatment of cryptosporidiosis but shows limited efficacy. As a result, many drug discovery efforts have commenced to find improved treatments. The unique biol. of Cryptosporidium presents challenges for traditional drug discovery methods, which has inspired new assay platforms to study parasite biol. and drug screening. The authors review historical advancements in phenotypic-based assays and techniques for Cryptosporidium drug discovery, as well as recent advances that will define future drug discovery. The reliance on phenotypic-based screens and repositioning of phenotypic hits from other pathogens has quickly created a robust pipeline of potential cryptosporidiosis therapeutics. The latest advances involve new in vitro culture methods for oocyst generation, continuous culturing capabilities, and more physiol. relevant assays for testing compounds Previous phenotypic screening techniques have laid the groundwork for recent cryptosporidiosis drug discovery efforts. The resulting improved methodologies characterize compound activity, identify, and validate drug targets, and prioritize new compounds for drug development. The most recent improvements in phenotypic assays are poised to help advance compounds into clin. development. To complete the study, the researchers used 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate (cas: 55981-09-4) .

2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate(cas: 55981-09-4), an anthelmintic agent, exhibits a broad spectrum of activities against a wide variety of helminths, protozoa, and enteric bacteria infecting animals and humans.Formula: C12H9N3O5S

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Verma, Akalesh Kumar;Aggarwal, Rohit published 《Repurposing potential of FDA-approved and investigational drugs for COVID-19 targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike and main protease and validation by machine learning algorithm》. The research results were published in《Chemical Biology & Drug Design》 in 2021.Category: thiazole The article conveys some information:

The present study aimed to assess the repurposing potential of existing antiviral drug candidates (FDA-approved and investigational) against SARS-CoV-2 target proteins that facilitates viral entry and replication into the host body. To evaluate mol. affinities between antiviral drug candidates and SARS-CoV-2 associated target proteins such as spike protein (S) and main protease (M^pro), a mol. interaction simulation was performed by docking software (MVD) and subsequently the applicability score was calculated by machine learning algorithm. Furthermore, the STITCH algorithm was used to predict the pharmacol. network involving multiple pathways of active drug candidate(s). Pharmacophore features of active drug(s) mol. was also determined to predict structure-activity relationship (SAR). The mol. interaction anal. showed that cordycepin has strong binding affinities with S protein (-180) and M^pro proteins (-205) which were relatively highest among other drug candidates used. Interestingly, compounds with low IC₅₀ showed high binding energy. Furthermore, machine learning algorithm also revealed high applicability scores (0.42-0.47) of cordycepin. It is worth mentioning that the pharmacol. network depicted the involvement of cordycepin in different pathways associated with bacterial and viral diseases including tuberculosis, hepatitis B, influenza A, viral myocarditis, and herpes simplex infection. The embedded pharmacophore features with cordycepin also suggested strong SAR. Cordycepin’s anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity indicated 65% (E-gene) and 42% (N-gene) viral replication inhibition after 48 h of treatment. Since, cordycepin has both preclin. and clin. evidences on antiviral activity, in addition the present findings further validate and suggest repurposing potential of cordycepin against COVID-19.2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate (cas: 55981-09-4) were involved in the experimental procedure.

2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate(cas: 55981-09-4) has been used: to test its anti-viral activity against chikungunya virus as an antiprotozoal agent to test its effect on cell viability in various cancer cell lines; to test its effect on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infected human fibroblast HFF cellsCategory: thiazole

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Sever, Belgin;Altintop, Mehlika Dilek;Ozdemir, Ahmet;Ciftci, Gulsen Akalin;Ellakwa, Doha E.;Tateishi, Hiroshi;Radwan, Mohamed O.;Ibrahim, Mahmoud A. A.;Otsuka, Masami;Fujita, Mikako;Ciftci, Halil I.;Ali, Taha F. S. published 《In vitro and in silico evaluation of anticancer activity of new indole-based 1,3,4-oxadiazoles as EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors》 in 2020. The article was appeared in 《Molecules》. They have made some progress in their research.Safety of 6-Nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine The article mentions the following:

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are crucial targetable enzymes in cancer management. Therefore, herein, new 2-[(5-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-N-(thiazol/benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamides (2a-i) were designed and synthesized as EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors. The cytotoxic effects of compounds 2a-i on HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, and A375 human melanoma cell lines were determined using MTT assay. 2-[(5-((1H-Indol-3-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-N-(6-ethoxybenzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (2e) exhibited the most significant anticancer activity against HCT116, A549, and A375 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 6.43 ± 0.72μM, 9.62 ± 1.14μM, and 8.07 ± 1.36μM, resp., when compared with erlotinib (IC₅₀ = 17.86 ± 3.22μM, 19.41 ± 2.38μM, and 23.81 ± 4.17μM, resp.). Further mechanistic assays demonstrated that compound 2e enhanced apoptosis (28.35%) in HCT116 cells more significantly than erlotinib (7.42%) and caused notable EGFR inhibition with an IC₅₀ value of 2.80 ± 0.52μM when compared with erlotinib (IC₅₀ = 0.04 ± 0.01μM). However, compound 2e did not cause any significant COX-2 inhibition, indicating that this compound showed COX-independent anticancer activity. The mol. docking study of compound 2e emphasized that the benzothiazole ring of this compound occupied the allosteric pocket in the EGFR active site. In conclusion, compound 2e is a promising EGFR inhibitor that warrants further clin. investigations.6-Nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (cas: 6285-57-0) were involved in the experimental procedure.

6-Nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine(cas:6285-57-0) has been used:
as model analyte for voltammetric determination of electrochemically reducible organic substances;
in the synthesis of 2-methyl-4-nitro-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid[2-(cyclohexanecarbonylamino)benzothiazol-6-yl]amide derivatives;
in the preparation of push-pull nonlinear optical chromophores containing thiazole and benzothiazole acceptors;
as a base in dye production by diazotation reaction.

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Sahu, Pramod K.;Sahu, Praveen K.;Kaurav, Manvendra S.;Messali, Mouslim;Almutairi, Saud M.;Sahu, Puran L.;Agarwal, Dau D. published 《Metal-Free Construction of Fused Pyrimidines via Consecutive C-C and C-N Bond Formation in Water》 in 2018. The article was appeared in 《ACS Omega》. They have made some progress in their research.Synthetic Route of C7H5N3O2S The article mentions the following:

A facile and efficient protocol has been developed for mild construction of fused pyrimidines I (R = Ph, 4-ClC₆H₄, 2-MeC₆H₄, etc.) via L-proline catalyzed reaction of 4-hydroxy coumarins, aldehydes and 2-aminobenzothiazoles/urea. Reaction has been carried out rapidly and efficiently in water under mild and metal free conditions. Current etiquette has efficiently synthesized the heterocycles and avoids the use of hazardous solvents over conventional organic solvents. A plausible reaction mechanism has established in this study. This study represents the first case in which L-proline as homogeneous catalyst has been explored in synthesis of fused pyrimidines in water in view of simple procedure and acceptable efficiency. This method gives the target product in excellent yield with ease of workup. And 6-Nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (cas: 6285-57-0) was used in the research process.

6-Nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine(cas:6285-57-0 Synthetic Route of C7H5N3O2S) is an antimicrobial agent that inhibits bacterial growth by cleaving the peptide bonds of proteins. It has been shown to be active against a number of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi.

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Today I want to share an article with you. The article is 《Thiazole-based SARS-CoV-2 protease (COV M^pro) inhibitors: Design, synthesis, enzyme inhibition, and molecular modeling simulations》,you can find this article in 《Archiv der Pharmazie (Weinheim, Germany)》. The following contents are mentioned:

As an attempt to contribute to the efforts of combating the pandemic virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19, new analogs of the repurposed drug nitazoxanide which showed promising inhibitory efficacy on a viral protease enzyme were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity on the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, using the COV2-3CL protease inhibition assay. The obtained results showed that the N-(substituted-thiazol-2-yl)cinnamamide analogs 19, 20, and 21 were the most active compounds with IC₅₀ values of 22.61, 14.7, 21.99 μM, resp., against the viral protease compared to the reference drugs, nitazoxanide, and lopinavir. Mol. modeling studies showed binding interactions of 19, 20, and 21 with hydrogen bonds to Gln189 and Glu166, arene-arene interaction between the thiazole moiety and His41, and other hydrophobic interactions between the ethene spacer moiety and Asn142. Moreover, an extra arene-arene interaction between substituted benzo[d]thiazole and His41 was observed regarding compounds 19 and 21. Surface mapping and flexible alignment proved the structural similarity between the new drug candidates and nitazoxanide. Compliance of the new compounds to Lipinski′s rule of five was investigated and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicol. data were predicted. The newly synthesized compounds are promising template ligands for further development and optimization. The experimental procedure involved many compounds, such as 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate (cas: 55981-09-4) .

2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate(cas: 55981-09-4), an anthelmintic agent, exhibits a broad spectrum of activities against a wide variety of helminths, protozoa, and enteric bacteria infecting animals and humans.HPLC of Formula: 55981-09-4

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Reference of 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate《Therapeutic Potential of Nitazoxanide: An Appropriate Choice for Repurposing versus SARS-CoV-2?》 was published in 2021. The authors were Stachulski, Andrew V.;Taujanskas, Joshua;Pate, Sophie L.;Rajoli, Rajith K. R.;Aljayyoussi, Ghaith;Pennington, Shaun H.;Ward, Stephen A.;Hong, Weiqian David;Biagini, Giancarlo A.;Owen, Andrew;Nixon, Gemma L.;Leung, Suet C.;O’Neill, Paul M., and the article was included in《ACS Infectious Diseases》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

A review. The rapidly growing COVID-19 pandemic is the most serious global health crisis since the Spanish flu of 1918. There is currently no proven effective drug treatment or prophylaxis for this coronavirus infection. While developing safe and effective vaccines is 1 of the key focuses, a number of existing antiviral drugs are being evaluated for their potency and efficiency against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in the clinic. We review the significant potential of nitazoxanide (NTZ) as an antiviral agent that can be repurposed as a treatment for COVID-19. Originally, NTZ was developed as an antiparasitic agent especially against Cryptosporidium spp.; it was later shown to possess potent activity against a broad range of both RNA and DNA viruses, including influenza A, hepatitis B and C, and coronaviruses. Recent in vitro assessment of NTZ has confirmed its promising activity against SARS-CoV-2 with an EC₅₀ of 2.12μM. We examine its drug properties, antiviral activity against different viruses, clin. trials outcomes, and mechanisms of antiviral action from the literature to highlight the therapeutic potential for the treatment of COVID-19. Furthermore, in preliminary PK/PD analyses using clin. data reported in the literature, comparison of simulated TIZ (active metabolite of NTZ) exposures at 2 doses with the in vitro potency of NTZ against SARS-CoV-2 gives further support for drug repurposing with potential in combination chemotherapy approaches. The review concludes with details of 2nd generation thiazolides under development that could lead to improved antiviral therapies for future indications.2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate (cas: 55981-09-4) were involved in the experimental procedure.

2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate(cas: 55981-09-4) has been approved as an orphan drug for the treatment of diarrhea in children (age, 1–11 years) and is associated with giardiasis, but it also is approved for diarrhea caused by crytosporidiosis in patients with AIDS.Reference of 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate

Reference:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica