Day: February 22, 2023

Interactions of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency with drug acetylation and hydroxylation reactions was written by Magon, Arlene M.;Leipzig, Rosanne M.;Zannoni, Vincent G.;Brewer, George J.. And the article was included in Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine in 1981.HPLC of Formula: 127-76-4 This article mentions the following:

It is hypothesized that the bimodal distribution of hemolytic response by glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) [9001-40-5]-deficient individuals to particular drugs such as sulfones may be due to the genetically determined acetylation rate of those drugs. Since metabolism, e.g., hydroxylation, may be required for these drugs to become hemolytic, genetically and environmentally determined variation in hydroxylation of a drug may also contribute to this variability in hemolytic response. To test the possibilities that acetylation and hydroxylation alter the hemolytic potential of these drugs, G6PD-deficient and normal red cells were incubated with mouse liver microsomes at 2 states of hydroxylase activity (uninduced and induced), an NADPH-generating system, and acetylated or unacetylated drug. GSH depletion was then measured in the cells as an indicator of prelytic cell damage. In the presence of induced (high hydroxylase activity) microsomes, promizole [473-30-3] or DDS [80-08-0] in unacetylated form caused the highest level of GSH depletion in G6PD-deficient red cells. Acetylation protected against GSH depletion. The specificity of the hydroxylation reaction in producing marked GSH depletion was shown by the protective effect of a specific hydroxylation inhibitor. Thus, G6PD-deficient, genetically slow acetylators, having high microsomal activity, would be most susceptible to promizole- or DDS-induced hemolysis, compared to other metabolic phenotypes. In addition, the bimodality in hemolytic response to promizole probably corresponds to the bimodal distribution of acetylator phenotype in the population. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4HPLC of Formula: 127-76-4).

N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazole is a five-membered, unsaturated, planar, 蟺-excessive heteroaromatic containing one sulfur atom and one pyridine-type nitrogen atom at position 3 of the cyclic ring system. The pyridine-type nitrogen in the thiazole ring deactivates the ring for electrophilic substitution reactions, which is further reduced in acid due to protonation of the thiazole ring.HPLC of Formula: 127-76-4

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

The effect of nitrite on ¹⁴C-sulfathiazole (4-amino-N-2-thiazolyl[U¹⁴C]benzenesulfonamide) metabolism in the rat was written by Nelson, P. A.;Paulson, G. D.;Feil, V. J.. And the article was included in Xenobiotica in 1987.SDS of cas: 127-76-4 This article mentions the following:

Rats given a meal containing 613 p.p.m. of ¹⁴C-sulfathiazole excreted less ¹⁴C-activity in urine and more ¹⁴C-activity in feces as nitrite in the meal was increased (0, 10, 100, or 1000 p.p.m.). As nitrite in the meal was increased from 0 to 1000 p.p.m. the total ¹⁴C-residues in the gastrointestinal tract 6 h after dosing increased, but decreased in other tissues. High nitrite in the meal resulted in increased methanol insoluble ¹⁴C-activity in the gastrointestinal tract but had little or no effect on the methanol-insoluble activity in liver and blood. Conversion of ¹⁴C-sulfathiazole to ¹⁴C-desaminosulfathiazole in the rat was greatly increased by nitrite in the meal. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4SDS of cas: 127-76-4).

N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4) belongs to thiazole derivatives. The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the vitamin thiamine (B1).Various laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of thiazoles. For example, 2,4-dimethylthiazole is synthesized from thioacetamide and chloroacetone.SDS of cas: 127-76-4

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Effect of Temperature and pH on the Generation of Flavor Volatiles in Extrusion Cooking of Wheat Flour was written by Bredie, Wender L. P.;Mottram, Donald S.;Guy, Robin C. E.. And the article was included in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry in 2002.Quality Control of 2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole This article mentions the following:

Extrusion temperature (120, 135, and 150掳) and quantity of added sodium hydroxide (0, 3, and 6 g/kg feedstock) were used as variables to study flavor generation in extrusion cooking of wheat flour. In total, 127 volatile components were identified in the extrudates, of which 51 contained sulfur. The levels of pyrroles, thiophenes, thiophenones, thiapyrans, and thiazolines increased at higher extrusion temperatures, whereas furans and aldehydes decreased. The addition of sodium hydroxide also affected the formation of volatile compounds However, thiophenes, thiophenones, polythiacycloalkanes, thiazoles, thiazolines, pyrroles, and some pyrazines tended to increase with the more alk. extrusion conditions. Some compounds from lipid-Maillard interactions were identified in the extrudates. Anal. of the volatile components by gas chromatog.-olfactometry showed sulfur- and nitrogen-sulfur-containing heterocycles as possible contributors to the sulfury and rubbery odors observed in extrudates produced at the higher temperature and more alk. conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (cas: 2346-00-1Quality Control of 2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole).

2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (cas: 2346-00-1) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazoles in peptides or their ability to bind proteins, DNA and RNA has led to many synthetic studies and new applications.Various laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of thiazoles. For example, 2,4-dimethylthiazole is synthesized from thioacetamide and chloroacetone.Quality Control of 2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Chronic liver disease, thrombocytopenia and procedural bleeding risk; are novel thrombopoietin mimetics the solution? was written by Olson, Sven R.;Koprowski, Steven;Hum, Justine;McCarty, Owen J. T.;DeLoughery, Thomas G.;Shatzel, Joseph J.. And the article was included in Platelets in 2019.Category: thiazole This article mentions the following:

Chronic liver disease (CLD) alters normal hemostatic and thrombotic systems via multiple mechanisms including reduced platelet function and number, leading to challenging peri-operative planning. Hepatic thrombopoietin (TPO) synthesis is reduced in CLD, leading to several recent randomized, placebo-controlled trials examining the utility of TPO-mimetics to increase platelet counts prior to surgery. While these trials do suggest that TPO-mimetics are efficacious at increasing platelet counts in patients with CLD and have led to several recent drug approvals in this space by the U. S. Food & Drug Administration, it remains unclear whether these results translate to the relevant clin. endpoint of reduced perioperative bleeding rate and severity. In this article, we review several recently-published, phase 3 trials on the TPO-mimetics eltrombopag, avatrombopag and lusutrombopag, and discuss the clin. significance of their results. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S,E)-3-(2,6-Dichloro-4-((4-(3-(1-(hexyloxy)ethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid (cas: 1110766-97-6Category: thiazole).

(S,E)-3-(2,6-Dichloro-4-((4-(3-(1-(hexyloxy)ethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid (cas: 1110766-97-6) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazole is a five-membered, unsaturated, planar, 蟺-excessive heteroaromatic containing one sulfur atom and one pyridine-type nitrogen atom at position 3 of the cyclic ring system. Electrophilic attack at nitrogen depends on the presence of electron density at nitrogen as well as the position and nature of substituent linked to the thiazole ring.Category: thiazole

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Isolation and partial characterization of a peptide derived from the luciferin binding site of firefly luciferase was written by Lee, Reiko T.;McElroy, W. D.. And the article was included in Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics in 1971.Quality Control of 6-Chlorobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile This article mentions the following:

2-Cyano-6-chlorobenzothiazole (I), a substrate analog of firefly luciferase, inactivates this enzyme slowly at pH 8 to 鈭?0% of original activity without affecting free sulfhydryl groups. The inactivated luciferase contained 1.5-2.0 moles of I per 100,000 daltons of luciferase. It is believed that the benzothiazole derivatives are incorporated at the luciferin binding sites. Tryptic digest of the inactivated luciferase and subsequent electrophoresis yielded a fluorescent peptide containing benzothiazole derivative The peptide contained pyroglutamic acid (pyroGlu) at the N-terminal end. The sequence of the peptide was established tentatively to be: pyroGlu-X-Gly-Ala-Val-(Asp)-Ile-Leu where X is an amino acid (possibly Tyr) to which the benzothiazole derivative is attached. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Chlorobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile (cas: 26649-59-2Quality Control of 6-Chlorobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile).

6-Chlorobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile (cas: 26649-59-2) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazole rings are planar and aromatic. Thiazoles are characterized by larger pi-electron delocalization than the corresponding oxazoles and have therefore greater aromaticity. Thiazole is a versatile building block for the construction and lead generation of new drug discoveries. Numerous diazole-based compounds are in clinical use as anticancer, antileukemic, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, antirheumatic, immunomodulator, and antiparasitic agents.Quality Control of 6-Chlorobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonitrile

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Multicomponent, Enantioselective Michael-Michael-Aldol-尾-Lactonizations Delivering Complex 尾-Lactones was written by Van, Khoi N.;Romo, Daniel. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2018.SDS of cas: 950194-37-3 This article mentions the following:

Optically active, tertiary amine Lewis bases react with unsaturated acid chlorides to deliver chiral, 伪,尾-unsaturated acylammonium salts. These intermediates participate in a catalytic, enantioselective, three-component process delivering bi- and tricyclic 尾-lactones through a Michael-Michael-aldol-尾-lactonization. In a single operation, the described multicomponent, organocascade process forms complex bi- and tricyclic 尾-lactones by generating four new bonds, two rings, and up to four contiguous stereocenters. In the racemic series, yields of 22-75% were achieved using 4-pyrrolidinopyridine as Lewis base. In the enantioselective series employing isothiourea catalysts, a kinetic resolution of the initially formed racemic Michael adduct appears operative, providing yields of 46% to quant. (based on 50% max) with up to 94:6 er. Some evidence for a dynamic kinetic asym. transformation for tricyclic-尾-lactone 1d was obtained following optimization (yields up to 61%, 94:6 er) through a presumed reversible Michael. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (cas: 950194-37-3SDS of cas: 950194-37-3).

(S)-2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (cas: 950194-37-3) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazoles frequently appear in peptide studies. Thiazoles can also be used as protected formyl groups, which can be released in later stages of complex natural product synthesis.Various laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of thiazoles. For example, 2,4-dimethylthiazole is synthesized from thioacetamide and chloroacetone.SDS of cas: 950194-37-3

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Dihydropyrimidinone-derived selenoesters efficacy and safety in an in vivo model of A尾 aggregation was written by Pereira, Flavia Suelen de Oliveira;Barbosa, Flavio Augusto Rocha;Canto, Romulo Farias Santos;Lucchese, Cristiane;Pinton, Simone;Braga, Antonio Luiz;Azeredo, Juliano Braun de;Quines, Caroline Brandao;Avila, Daiana Silva. And the article was included in NeuroToxicology in 2022.Quality Control of (S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole This article mentions the following:

In a previous in vitro study, dihydropyrimidinone-derived selenoesteres demonstrated antioxidant properties, metal chelators and inhibitory acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, making these compounds promising candidates for Alzheimers Disease (AD) treatment. However, these effects have yet to be demonstrated in an in vivo animal model; therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of eight selenoester compounds in a Caenorhabditis elegans model using transgenic strains for amyloid-beta peptide (A尾) aggregation. The L1 stage worms were acutely exposed (30 min) to the compounds at concentrations ranging from 5 to 200渭M and after 48 h the maintenance temp was increased to 25掳 C for A尾 expression and aggregation. After 48 h, several parameters related to phenotypic manifestations of A尾 toxicity and mechanistic elucidation were analyzed. At the concentrations tested no significant toxicity of the compounds was found. The selenoester compound FA90 significantly reduced the rate of paralyzed worms and increased the number of swimming movements compared to the untreated worms. In addition, FA90 and FA130 improved egg-laying induced by levamisole and pos. modulated HSP-6 and HSP-4 expression, thereby increasing reticular and mitochondrial protein folding response in C. elegans, which could attenuate A尾 aggregation in early exposure. Therefore, our initial screening using an alternative model demonstrated that FA90, among the eight selenoesters evaluated, was the most promising compound for AD evaluation screening in more complex animals. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (cas: 14769-73-4Quality Control of (S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole).

(S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (cas: 14769-73-4) belongs to thiazole derivatives. The higher aromaticity of thiazole is due to delocalization of a lone pair of sulfur electrons across the ring, which is evidenced by chemical shifts of ring hydrogen at 未 7.27 and 8.77 ppm (C2 and C4), indicating diamagnetic ring current. Electrophilic attack at nitrogen depends on the presence of electron density at nitrogen as well as the position and nature of substituent linked to the thiazole ring.Quality Control of (S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Quantitative Analysis of the Interaction of Constitutive Androstane Receptor with Chemicals and Steroid Receptor Coactivator 1 Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Systems: A Case Study of the Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica) and the Mouse was written by Dau, Pham Thi;Sakai, Hiroki;Hirano, Masashi;Ishibashi, Hiroshi;Tanaka, Yuki;Kameda, Kenji;Fujino, Takahiro;Kim, Eun-Young;Iwata, Hisato. And the article was included in Toxicological Sciences in 2013.Quality Control of 6-(4-Chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl) oxime This article mentions the following:

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) not only displays a high basal transcriptional activity but also acts as a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor. It is known that CAR exhibits different ligand profiles across species. However, the mechanisms underlying CAR activation by chems. and the species-specific responses are not fully understood. The objectives of this study are to establish a high-throughput tool to screen CAR ligands and to clarify how CAR proteins from the Baikal seal (bsCAR) and the mouse (mCAR) interact with chems. and steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1). The authors developed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system to assess quant. the interaction of CAR with potential ligands and SRC1. The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of bsCAR and mCAR was synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free system. The purified CAR LBD was then immobilized on the sensor chip for the SPR assay, and the kinetics of direct interaction of CARs with ligand candidates was measured. Androstanol and androstenol, estrone, 17尾-estradiol, TCPOBOP, and CITCO showed compound-specific but similar affinities for both CARs. The CAR-SRC1 interaction was ligand dependent but exhibited a different ligand profile between the seal and the mouse. The results of SRC1 interaction assay accounted for those of the authors’ previous in vitro CAR-mediated transactivation assay. In silico analyses also supported the results of CAR-SRC1 interaction; there is little structural difference in the ligand-binding pocket of bsCAR and mCAR, but there is a distinct discrimination in the helix 11 and 12 of these receptors, suggesting that the interaction of ligand-bound CAR and SRC1 is critical for determining species-specific and ligand-dependent transactivation over the basal activity. The SPR assays demonstrated a potential as a high-throughput screening tool of CAR ligands. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-(4-Chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl) oxime (cas: 338404-52-7Quality Control of 6-(4-Chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl) oxime).

6-(4-Chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl) oxime (cas: 338404-52-7) belongs to thiazole derivatives. The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the vitamin thiamine (B1). The nitrogen in thiazole is sp2 hybridized and the lone pair of electrons localized on the nitrogen is less reactive due to increased aromatic character and decreased basicity. It is protonated and alkylated/acylated at nitrogen forming hydrochloride and quaternary thiazolium salt.Quality Control of 6-(4-Chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl) oxime

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

An overview of levamisole hydrochloride with immuno-stimulant activity was written by Biswajit, Das;Suvakanta, Dash;Chandra, Choudhury Ramesh;Jashabir, Chakraborty. And the article was included in American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research in 2014.Reference of 16595-80-5 This article mentions the following:

Levamisole, marketed as the hydrochloride salt under the trade name Ergamisol (R12564), is an anti helminthic and immunomodulator belonging to a class of synthetic imidazo-thiazole derivatives It was discovered in 1966 at Belgium’s Janssen pharmaceutica, where it was prepared initially in the form of its racemate called tetramisole. The two stereoisomers of tetramisole were subsequently synthesized, and the levorotatory isomer was given the name levamisole. Levamisole has been used in humans to treat parasitic worm infections, and has been studied in combination with other forms of chemotherapy for colon cancer, melanoma, and head and neck cancer. In some of the leukemic cell line studies, both levamisole and tetramisole showed similar effect. Effective studies need to be undertaken to study the full potential of levamisole in Immunostimulation activities and immuno synergestic effect of Levamisole with combination to natural polysaccharides. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole hydrochloride (cas: 16595-80-5Reference of 16595-80-5).

(S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole hydrochloride (cas: 16595-80-5) belongs to thiazole derivatives. The higher aromaticity of thiazole is due to delocalization of a lone pair of sulfur electrons across the ring, which is evidenced by chemical shifts of ring hydrogen at 未 7.27 and 8.77 ppm (C2 and C4), indicating diamagnetic ring current. Thiazole sulfonation occurs only under forcing conditions: the action of oleum at 250 掳C for 3 hours in the presence of mercury(II) sulfate leads to 65% formation of 5-thiazole sulfonic acid.Reference of 16595-80-5

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Lack of Detection of the Analgesic Properties of PF-05089771, a Selective Na_v1.7 Inhibitor, Using a Battery of Pain Models in Healthy Subjects was written by Siebenga, Pieter;van Amerongen, Guido;Hay, Justin L.;McDonnell, Aoibhinn;Gorman, Donal;Butt, Richard;Groeneveld, Geert Jan. And the article was included in Clinical and Translational Science in 2020.Computed Properties of C18H12Cl2FN5O3S2 This article mentions the following:

The aim was to demonstrate analgesic properties of a potent selective Na_v1.7 sodium channel blocker, PF-05089771, alone and concomitantly with pregabalin in healthy subjects using a battery of human evoked pain models. This was a double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, placebo-controlled, five-period cross-over study with PF-05089771 alone and PF-05089771 concomitantly with pregabalin as treatment arms with pregabalin, ibuprofen, and placebo as control arms (NCT02349607). A battery of human evoked pain models was used to investigate analgesic properties of PF-05089771. Twenty-five subjects were enrolled in the study of which 23 subjects completed all five periods. PF-05089771 alone did not differ from placebo on the primary pain end points. The same holds when comparing PF-05089771 concomitantly with pregabalin and pregabalin alone. Pregabalin showed significant effects relative to placebo on thermal pain on the normal skin and UVB skin (least squares means with 90% confidence interval: 0.63 (0.32-0.93) and 0.53 (0.11-0.96)), pressure stimulation (1.10 (1.04-1.18)), and cold pressor (1.22 (1.14-1.32)). Ibuprofen demonstrated significant effects on thermal pain UVB skin (1.26 (0.82-1.70)) and pressure stimulation assessment (1.08 (1.01-1.15)), consistent with historical results. This study did not demonstrate analgesic properties of PF-05089771 alone or concomitantly with pregabalin in a battery of pain models. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-(2-(3-Amino-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-chlorophenoxy)-5-chloro-2-fluoro-N-(thiazol-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1235403-62-9Computed Properties of C18H12Cl2FN5O3S2).

4-(2-(3-Amino-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-chlorophenoxy)-5-chloro-2-fluoro-N-(thiazol-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1235403-62-9) belongs to thiazole derivatives. The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the vitamin thiamine (B1).Various laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of thiazoles. For example, 2,4-dimethylthiazole is synthesized from thioacetamide and chloroacetone.Computed Properties of C18H12Cl2FN5O3S2

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica