Month: February 2023

Impact of Preferential π-Binding in Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation of Thiazole Derivatives was written by Smith, Mitchell L.;Leone, Amanda K.;Zimmerman, Paul M.;McNeil, Anne J.. And the article was included in ACS Macro Letters in 2016.Name: Methyl 2-amino-5-bromothiazole-4-carboxylate This article mentions the following:

Polymerizing electron-deficient arenes in a controlled, chain-growth fashion remains a significant challenge despite a decade of research on catalyst-transfer polycondensation. The prevailing hypothesis is that the chain-growth mechanism stalls at a strongly associated metal-polymer π-complex, preventing catalyst turnover. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed mechanistic studies using thiazole derivatives and identified approaches to improve their chain-growth polymerization These studies revealed a surprisingly high barrier for chain-walking toward the reactive C-X bond. In addition, a competitive pathway involving chain-transfer to monomer was identified. This pathway is facilitated by ancillary ligand dissociation and N-coordination to the incoming monomer. We found that this chain-transfer pathway can be attenuated by using a rigid ancillary ligand, leading to an improved polymerization Combined, these studies provide mechanistic insight into the challenges associated with electron-deficient monomers and ways to improve their living, chain-growth polymerization Our mechanistic studies also revealed an unexpected radical anion-mediated oligomerization in the absence of catalyst, and a surprising oxidative addition into the thiazole C-S bond in a model system. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 2-amino-5-bromothiazole-4-carboxylate (cas: 850429-60-6Name: Methyl 2-amino-5-bromothiazole-4-carboxylate).

Methyl 2-amino-5-bromothiazole-4-carboxylate (cas: 850429-60-6) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazole rings are planar and aromatic. Thiazoles are characterized by larger pi-electron delocalization than the corresponding oxazoles and have therefore greater aromaticity. Thiazole sulfonation occurs only under forcing conditions: the action of oleum at 250 °C for 3 hours in the presence of mercury(II) sulfate leads to 65% formation of 5-thiazole sulfonic acid.Name: Methyl 2-amino-5-bromothiazole-4-carboxylate

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 2-amino substituted benzothiazoles was written by Pattan, Shashikant R.;Pujar, V. D.;Dighe, Nachiket S.;Musmade, Deepak S.;Hiremath, S. N.;Shinde, H. V.;Laware, R. B.. And the article was included in Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry in 2010.HPLC of Formula: 89793-81-7 This article mentions the following:

New pyrazinyl-substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles were prepared by multiple steps. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by m.p., TLC, IR, and H¹ NMR. All the compounds showed promising anti-inflammatory activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 7-Nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (cas: 89793-81-7HPLC of Formula: 89793-81-7).

7-Nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (cas: 89793-81-7) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazoles frequently appear in peptide studies. Thiazoles can also be used as protected formyl groups, which can be released in later stages of complex natural product synthesis. The pyridine-type nitrogen in the thiazole ring deactivates the ring for electrophilic substitution reactions, which is further reduced in acid due to protonation of the thiazole ring.HPLC of Formula: 89793-81-7

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Solubility of several sulfanilamide compounds in water and in water-alcohol mixtures was written by Sapozhnikova, N. V.;Postovskii, I. Ya.. And the article was included in Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii (Sankt-Peterburg, Russian Federation) in 1944.Reference of 127-76-4 This article mentions the following:

The solubilities in water of sulfanilamide, sulfaguanidine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethylthiazole, sulfathiazole, sulfamethyldiazine and their Ac derivatives were determined at 20-39°. N’-heterocyclic derivatives have poor water solubility Heats of solution range from 9500 to 10, 600 cal./mol. All compounds, except diacetylsulfanilamide have maximum solubility in EtOH-water mixtures of 67-76% EtOH. Solubilities in water up to 100° are given in graphical form. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4Reference of 127-76-4).

N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazoles are a class of five-membered rings containing nitrogen and sulfur with excellent antitumor, antiviral and antibiotic activities. Various laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of thiazoles. Prominent is the Hantzsch thiazole synthesis is a reaction between haloketones and thioamides.Reference of 127-76-4

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Aztreonam in combination with imipenem-relebactam against clinical and isogenic strains of serine and metallo-β-lactamase-producing enterobacterales was written by Biagi, Mark;Lee, Michelle;Wu, Tiffany;Shajee, Aisha;Patel, Shitalben;Deshpande, Lalitagauri M.;Mendes, Rodrigo E.;Wenzler, Eric. And the article was included in Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease in 2022.Product Details of 78110-38-0 This article mentions the following:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of aztreonam plus imipenem-relebactam against clin. and isogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae co-harboring NDM and > 1 serine β-lactamase.Thirteen isolates were included: 4 clin. E. coli, 4 clin. K. pneumoniae, and 5 isogenic E. coli. Drugs were tested in time-kill analyses alone, in dual β-lactam combinations, and in triple drug combinations against all strains.All isolates were resistant to imipenem and imipenem-relebactam, and 85% were aztreonam-resistant. Neither imipenem nor imipenem-relebactam was bactericidal alone while aztreonam was bactericidal against 54% of isolates. The combination of aztreonam+imipenem was bactericidal and synergistic against 7/13 and 10/13 isolates. The addition of relebactam to this combination resulted in synergy against all 11 aztreonam-resistant clin. isolates.Aztreonam plus imipenem-relebactam may be a viable treatment option for aztreonam-non-susceptible NDM and serine β-lactamase-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-((((Z)-1-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(((2S,3S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulfoazetidin-3-yl)amino)-2-oxoethylidene)amino)oxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid (cas: 78110-38-0Product Details of 78110-38-0).

2-((((Z)-1-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(((2S,3S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulfoazetidin-3-yl)amino)-2-oxoethylidene)amino)oxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid (cas: 78110-38-0) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazoles frequently appear in peptide studies. Thiazoles can also be used as protected formyl groups, which can be released in later stages of complex natural product synthesis.Various laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of thiazoles. For example, 2,4-dimethylthiazole is synthesized from thioacetamide and chloroacetone.Product Details of 78110-38-0

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Development of a QPatch Automated Electrophysiology Assay for Identifying KCa3.1 Inhibitors and Activators was written by Jenkins, David Paul;Yu, Weifeng;Brown, Brandon M.;Lojkner, Lars Damgaard;Wulff, Heike. And the article was included in Assay and Drug Development Technologies in 2013.Category: thiazole This article mentions the following:

The intermediate-conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channel KCa3.1 (also known as KCNN4, IK1, or the Gardos channel) plays an important role in the activation of T and B cells, mast cells, macrophages, and microglia by regulating membrane potential, cellular volume, and calcium signaling. KCa3.1 is further involved in the proliferation of dedifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblast and endothelium-derived hyperpolarization responses in the vascular endothelium. Accordingly, KCa3.1 inhibitors are therapeutically interesting as immunosuppressants and for the treatment of a wide range of fibroproliferative disorders, whereas KCa3.1 activators constitute a potential new class of endothelial function preserving antihypertensives. Here, we report the development of QPatch assays for both KCa3.1 inhibitors and activators. During assay optimization, the Ca²⁺ sensitivity of KCa3.1 was studied using varying intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations A free Ca²⁺ concentration of 1 μM was chosen to optimally test inhibitors. To identify activators, which generally act as pos. gating modulators, a lower Ca²⁺ concentration (∼200 nM) was used. The QPatch results were benchmarked against manual patch-clamp electrophysiol. by determining the potency of several commonly used KCa3.1 inhibitors (TRAM-34, NS6180, ChTX) and activators (EBIO, riluzole, SKA-31). Collectively, our results demonstrate that the QPatch provides a comparable but much faster approach to study compound interactions with KCa3.1 channels in a robust and reliable assay. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Naphtho[1,2-d]thiazol-2-amine (cas: 40172-65-4Category: thiazole).

Naphtho[1,2-d]thiazol-2-amine (cas: 40172-65-4) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazoles frequently appear in peptide studies. Thiazoles can also be used as protected formyl groups, which can be released in later stages of complex natural product synthesis. Electrophilic attack at nitrogen depends on the presence of electron density at nitrogen as well as the position and nature of substituent linked to the thiazole ring.Category: thiazole

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

New oral anthelmintic intraruminal delivery device for cattle was written by Vandamme, Thierry F.. And the article was included in Journal of Pharmacy and BioAllied Sciences in 2014.Safety of (S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole hydrochloride This article mentions the following:

Background: The purpose of this work was to develop a new oral drug delivery system intended for cattle and that enables delayed and pulsed release of an anthelmintic agent. Materials: This new tailored dosage form, also called reticulo-rumen device (RRD) has been evaluated on grazing calves by means of measurements of milliunits of tyrosine concentration, number of eggs per g of feces, mean number of infective larvae on cattle pasture and increase in mean weight of cattle. Methods: The in vivo evaluation was carried out during two grazing seasons on different groups of dairy cattle. During the first grazing season, Group 1 was designated as an untreated control group. The remaining two were assigned to different treatments as follows: Group 2, early season suppression with a marketed intraruminal slow release bolus (Chronomintic , Virbac) administered immediately prior to turn-out and Group 3, mid-season suppression with a new RRD administered immediately prior to turn out. When the cattle were turned out at the start of the second grazing season, they were not given any anthelmintic treatment and were divided into two different groups, corresponding to the previous groups that received an anthelmintic treatment during the first grazing season, on that pasture that they had occupied as sep. groups in the previous year. Furthermore, during the second season, samples of feces, blood and herbage were collected every month. Results and Conclusion: During the first grazing season, the results indicated that the fecal egg counts and the number of infective larvae in herbage samples were slightly lower for the group receiving the new RRDs. Regular weighing of the cattle receiving the new RRDs revealed no significant difference with cattle receiving marketed RRDs. Conversely, during the second grazing season, the results for the mean weights of the cattle demonstrated that the weights of animals having been administered new RRDs during the first grazing season were significantly different (P < 0.05) from those in the second group treated with a Chronomintic during the first grazing season. A difference in mean weight of 26 kg was observed between these two groups. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole hydrochloride (cas: 16595-80-5Safety of (S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole hydrochloride).

(S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole hydrochloride (cas: 16595-80-5) belongs to thiazole derivatives. The thiazole ring has been identified as a central feature of numerous natural products, perhaps the most famous example of which is epothilone. Thiazole is a versatile building block for the construction and lead generation of new drug discoveries. Numerous diazole-based compounds are in clinical use as anticancer, antileukemic, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, antirheumatic, immunomodulator, and antiparasitic agents.Safety of (S)-6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole hydrochloride

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Interactions of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency with drug acetylation and hydroxylation reactions was written by Magon, Arlene M.;Leipzig, Rosanne M.;Zannoni, Vincent G.;Brewer, George J.. And the article was included in Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine in 1981.HPLC of Formula: 127-76-4 This article mentions the following:

It is hypothesized that the bimodal distribution of hemolytic response by glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) [9001-40-5]-deficient individuals to particular drugs such as sulfones may be due to the genetically determined acetylation rate of those drugs. Since metabolism, e.g., hydroxylation, may be required for these drugs to become hemolytic, genetically and environmentally determined variation in hydroxylation of a drug may also contribute to this variability in hemolytic response. To test the possibilities that acetylation and hydroxylation alter the hemolytic potential of these drugs, G6PD-deficient and normal red cells were incubated with mouse liver microsomes at 2 states of hydroxylase activity (uninduced and induced), an NADPH-generating system, and acetylated or unacetylated drug. GSH depletion was then measured in the cells as an indicator of prelytic cell damage. In the presence of induced (high hydroxylase activity) microsomes, promizole [473-30-3] or DDS [80-08-0] in unacetylated form caused the highest level of GSH depletion in G6PD-deficient red cells. Acetylation protected against GSH depletion. The specificity of the hydroxylation reaction in producing marked GSH depletion was shown by the protective effect of a specific hydroxylation inhibitor. Thus, G6PD-deficient, genetically slow acetylators, having high microsomal activity, would be most susceptible to promizole- or DDS-induced hemolysis, compared to other metabolic phenotypes. In addition, the bimodality in hemolytic response to promizole probably corresponds to the bimodal distribution of acetylator phenotype in the population. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4HPLC of Formula: 127-76-4).

N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazole is a five-membered, unsaturated, planar, π-excessive heteroaromatic containing one sulfur atom and one pyridine-type nitrogen atom at position 3 of the cyclic ring system. The pyridine-type nitrogen in the thiazole ring deactivates the ring for electrophilic substitution reactions, which is further reduced in acid due to protonation of the thiazole ring.HPLC of Formula: 127-76-4

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

The effect of nitrite on ¹⁴C-sulfathiazole (4-amino-N-2-thiazolyl[U¹⁴C]benzenesulfonamide) metabolism in the rat was written by Nelson, P. A.;Paulson, G. D.;Feil, V. J.. And the article was included in Xenobiotica in 1987.SDS of cas: 127-76-4 This article mentions the following:

Rats given a meal containing 613 p.p.m. of ¹⁴C-sulfathiazole excreted less ¹⁴C-activity in urine and more ¹⁴C-activity in feces as nitrite in the meal was increased (0, 10, 100, or 1000 p.p.m.). As nitrite in the meal was increased from 0 to 1000 p.p.m. the total ¹⁴C-residues in the gastrointestinal tract 6 h after dosing increased, but decreased in other tissues. High nitrite in the meal resulted in increased methanol insoluble ¹⁴C-activity in the gastrointestinal tract but had little or no effect on the methanol-insoluble activity in liver and blood. Conversion of ¹⁴C-sulfathiazole to ¹⁴C-desaminosulfathiazole in the rat was greatly increased by nitrite in the meal. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4SDS of cas: 127-76-4).

N-(4-(N-(Thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide (cas: 127-76-4) belongs to thiazole derivatives. The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the vitamin thiamine (B1).Various laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of thiazoles. For example, 2,4-dimethylthiazole is synthesized from thioacetamide and chloroacetone.SDS of cas: 127-76-4

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Effect of Temperature and pH on the Generation of Flavor Volatiles in Extrusion Cooking of Wheat Flour was written by Bredie, Wender L. P.;Mottram, Donald S.;Guy, Robin C. E.. And the article was included in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry in 2002.Quality Control of 2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole This article mentions the following:

Extrusion temperature (120, 135, and 150°) and quantity of added sodium hydroxide (0, 3, and 6 g/kg feedstock) were used as variables to study flavor generation in extrusion cooking of wheat flour. In total, 127 volatile components were identified in the extrudates, of which 51 contained sulfur. The levels of pyrroles, thiophenes, thiophenones, thiapyrans, and thiazolines increased at higher extrusion temperatures, whereas furans and aldehydes decreased. The addition of sodium hydroxide also affected the formation of volatile compounds However, thiophenes, thiophenones, polythiacycloalkanes, thiazoles, thiazolines, pyrroles, and some pyrazines tended to increase with the more alk. extrusion conditions. Some compounds from lipid-Maillard interactions were identified in the extrudates. Anal. of the volatile components by gas chromatog.-olfactometry showed sulfur- and nitrogen-sulfur-containing heterocycles as possible contributors to the sulfury and rubbery odors observed in extrudates produced at the higher temperature and more alk. conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (cas: 2346-00-1Quality Control of 2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole).

2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (cas: 2346-00-1) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazoles in peptides or their ability to bind proteins, DNA and RNA has led to many synthetic studies and new applications.Various laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of thiazoles. For example, 2,4-dimethylthiazole is synthesized from thioacetamide and chloroacetone.Quality Control of 2-Methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

Chronic liver disease, thrombocytopenia and procedural bleeding risk; are novel thrombopoietin mimetics the solution? was written by Olson, Sven R.;Koprowski, Steven;Hum, Justine;McCarty, Owen J. T.;DeLoughery, Thomas G.;Shatzel, Joseph J.. And the article was included in Platelets in 2019.Category: thiazole This article mentions the following:

Chronic liver disease (CLD) alters normal hemostatic and thrombotic systems via multiple mechanisms including reduced platelet function and number, leading to challenging peri-operative planning. Hepatic thrombopoietin (TPO) synthesis is reduced in CLD, leading to several recent randomized, placebo-controlled trials examining the utility of TPO-mimetics to increase platelet counts prior to surgery. While these trials do suggest that TPO-mimetics are efficacious at increasing platelet counts in patients with CLD and have led to several recent drug approvals in this space by the U. S. Food & Drug Administration, it remains unclear whether these results translate to the relevant clin. endpoint of reduced perioperative bleeding rate and severity. In this article, we review several recently-published, phase 3 trials on the TPO-mimetics eltrombopag, avatrombopag and lusutrombopag, and discuss the clin. significance of their results. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S,E)-3-(2,6-Dichloro-4-((4-(3-(1-(hexyloxy)ethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid (cas: 1110766-97-6Category: thiazole).

(S,E)-3-(2,6-Dichloro-4-((4-(3-(1-(hexyloxy)ethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid (cas: 1110766-97-6) belongs to thiazole derivatives. Thiazole is a five-membered, unsaturated, planar, π-excessive heteroaromatic containing one sulfur atom and one pyridine-type nitrogen atom at position 3 of the cyclic ring system. Electrophilic attack at nitrogen depends on the presence of electron density at nitrogen as well as the position and nature of substituent linked to the thiazole ring.Category: thiazole

Referemce:
Thiazole | C3H3NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica