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Single amino acid chelate (SAAC) systems for the incorporation of the M(CO)3 moiety (M = Tc/Re) have been successfully incorporated into novel synthetic strategies for radiopharmaceuticals and evaluated in a variety of biological applications. However, the lipophilicity of the first generation Tc(CO)3-dipyridyl complexes has resulted in substantial hepatobiliary uptake when either examined as lysine derivatives or integrated into biologically active small molecules and peptides. Here we designed, synthesized, and evaluated novel SAAC systems that have been chemically modified to promote overall Tc(CO)3L3 complex hydrophilicity with the intent of enhancing renal clearance. A series of lysine derived SAAC systems containing functionalized polar imidazole rings and/or carboxylic acids were synthesized via reductive alkylation of the epsilon amino group of lysine. The SAAC systems were radiolabeled with 99mTc, purified, and evaluated for radiochemical stability, lipophilicity, and tissue distribution in rats. The log P values of the 99mTc complexes were determined experimentally and ranged from -0.91 to -2.33. The resulting complexes were stable (>90%) for at least 24 h. Tissue distribution in normal rats of the lead 99mTc complexes demonstrated decreased liver (<1 %ID/g) and gastrointestinal clearance (<1.5%ID/g) and increased kidney clearance (>15 %ID/g) at 2 h after injection compared to the dipyridyl lysine complex (DpK). One of the new SAAC ligands, [99mTc]bis-carboxymethylimidazole lysine, was conjugated to the N-terminus of Tyr-3 octreotide and evaluated for localization in nude mice bearing AR42J xenografts to examine tissue distribution, tumor uptake and retention, clearance, and route of excretion for comparison to 111In-DOTA-Tyr-3-octreotide and 99mTc-DpK-Tyr-3- octreotide. 99mTc-bis-(carboxymethylimidazole)-lysine-Tyr-3- octreotide exhibited significantly less liver uptake and gastrointestinal clearance compared to 99mTc-DpK-Tyr-3-octreotide while maintaining tumor uptake in the same mouse model. These novel chelators demonstrate that lipophilicity can be controlled and organ distribution significantly altered, opening up broad application of these novel SAAC systems for radiopharmaceutical design.

Single amino acid chelate (SAAC) systems for the incorporation of the M(CO)3 moiety (M = Tc/Re) have been successfully incorporated into novel synthetic strategies for radiopharmaceuticals and evaluated in a variety of biological applications. However, the lipophilicity of the first generation Tc(CO)3-dipyridyl complexes has resulted in substantial hepatobiliary uptake when either examined as lysine derivatives or integrated into biologically active small molecules and peptides. Here we designed, synthesized, and evaluated novel SAAC systems that have been chemically modified to promote overall Tc(CO)3L3 complex hydrophilicity with the intent of enhancing renal clearance. A series of lysine derived SAAC systems containing functionalized polar imidazole rings and/or carboxylic acids were synthesized via reductive alkylation of the epsilon amino group of lysine. The SAAC systems were radiolabeled with 99mTc, purified, and evaluated for radiochemical stability, lipophilicity, and tissue distribution in rats. The log P values of the 99mTc complexes were determined experimentally and ranged from -0.91 to -2.33. The resulting complexes were stable (>90%) for at least 24 h. Tissue distribution in normal rats of the lead 99mTc complexes demonstrated decreased liver (<1 %ID/g) and gastrointestinal clearance (<1.5%ID/g) and increased kidney clearance (>15 %ID/g) at 2 h after injection compared to the dipyridyl lysine complex (DpK). One of the new SAAC ligands, [99mTc]bis-carboxymethylimidazole lysine, was conjugated to the N-terminus of Tyr-3 octreotide and evaluated for localization in nude mice bearing AR42J xenografts to examine tissue distribution, tumor uptake and retention, clearance, and route of excretion for comparison to 111In-DOTA-Tyr-3-octreotide and 99mTc-DpK-Tyr-3- octreotide. 99mTc-bis-(carboxymethylimidazole)-lysine-Tyr-3- octreotide exhibited significantly less liver uptake and gastrointestinal clearance compared to 99mTc-DpK-Tyr-3-octreotide while maintaining tumor uptake in the same mouse model. These novel chelators demonstrate that lipophilicity can be controlled and organ distribution significantly altered, opening up broad application of these novel SAAC systems for radiopharmaceutical design.

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Thiazole | C3H4259NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

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A number of new optically active heteroaryl cyanohydrins have been prepared by hydrocyanation under micro-aqueous conditions catalyzed by almond meal (containing (R)-oxynitrilase). Substituent effects on the reaction are discussed. This micro-aqueous method provides an efficient, convenient and economical approach to optically active cyanohydrins.

A number of new optically active heteroaryl cyanohydrins have been prepared by hydrocyanation under micro-aqueous conditions catalyzed by almond meal (containing (R)-oxynitrilase). Substituent effects on the reaction are discussed. This micro-aqueous method provides an efficient, convenient and economical approach to optically active cyanohydrins.

Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law.HPLC of Formula: C4H3NOS. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 10200-59-6

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Thiazole | C3H4459NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

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Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law.Recommanded Product: 2-Thiazolecarboxaldehyde. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 10200-59-6

Chemistry is an experimental science, and the best way to enjoy it and learn about it is performing experiments.Introducing a new discovery about 10200-59-6, Name is 2-Thiazolecarboxaldehyde, Recommanded Product: 2-Thiazolecarboxaldehyde.

A number of new optically active heteroaryl cyanohydrins have been prepared by hydrocyanation under micro-aqueous conditions catalyzed by almond meal (containing (R)-oxynitrilase). Substituent effects on the reaction are discussed. This micro-aqueous method provides an efficient, convenient and economical approach to optically active cyanohydrins.

A number of new optically active heteroaryl cyanohydrins have been prepared by hydrocyanation under micro-aqueous conditions catalyzed by almond meal (containing (R)-oxynitrilase). Substituent effects on the reaction are discussed. This micro-aqueous method provides an efficient, convenient and economical approach to optically active cyanohydrins.

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Thiazole | C3H4459NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

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N-1-Alkylamino and N-1-alkyloxy-4-hydroxyquinolon-3-yl benzothiadiazines were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV polymerase. The N-1-alkyloxy derivatives were not potent inhibitors, however N-1-alkylamino derivatives displayed comparable potency to carbon analogs. Analogs with aliphatic substituents were significantly more potent than those with benzylic substituents against genotype 1a polymerase. The most potent inhibitors contained small alkyl or carbocyclic substituents and exhibited IC 50’s of 50-100 and 200-400 nM against genotype 1b and 1a HCV polymerase, respectively.

N-1-Alkylamino and N-1-alkyloxy-4-hydroxyquinolon-3-yl benzothiadiazines were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV polymerase. The N-1-alkyloxy derivatives were not potent inhibitors, however N-1-alkylamino derivatives displayed comparable potency to carbon analogs. Analogs with aliphatic substituents were significantly more potent than those with benzylic substituents against genotype 1a polymerase. The most potent inhibitors contained small alkyl or carbocyclic substituents and exhibited IC 50’s of 50-100 and 200-400 nM against genotype 1b and 1a HCV polymerase, respectively.

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Thiazole | C3H4310NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

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Compounds of general formula: (I) wherein R1,R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined in the specification, as well as salts, enantiomers thereof and pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds are prepared. They are useful in therapy, in particular in the management of pain.

Compounds of general formula: (I) wherein R1,R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined in the specification, as well as salts, enantiomers thereof and pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds are prepared. They are useful in therapy, in particular in the management of pain.

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Thiazole | C3H4383NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

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A series of (aminomethylene)phosphonate (AMP) analogues, 8?14, bearing one or two heterocyclic moieties (imidazolyl, pyridyl, and thiazolyl) on the aminomethylene group, were synthesized as potential ZnII chelators. The complexes of analogues 8?14 with ZnII ions were characterized by their stoichiometry, geometry, coordination sites, acid/base equilibria, and stability constants. Analogues 8?14 form stable water-soluble 2:1 L/ZnII complexes, as established by ZnII titration, monitored by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Acidity and stability constants were established for each derivative by potentiometric pH titrations. ML2 type ZnII complexes of AMP, bearing either an imidazolyl or pyridyl moiety, 8, 10, and 12, exhibit high log beta values (17.68, 16.92, and 16.65, respectively), while for the AMP-thiazolyl (14) complex with ZnII, log beta is 12.53. Generally, ligands 9, 11, and 13, bearing two heterocyclic moieties, present higher log beta values (22.25, 21.00, and 18.28, respectively) vs. analogues bearing one heterocyclic moiety. Additionally, based on 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopic data, we propose a structure of the AMP-(Im)2-ZnII complex in solution, where the ZnII coordination sites involve the phosphonate moiety and both imidazolyl rings of the two binding molecules, forming an octahedral geometry around the ZnII ion. In summary, we propose a new family of water-soluble high-affinity ZnII chelators, in particular AMP-(Im)2, which forms the most stable complex (log beta 22).

A series of (aminomethylene)phosphonate (AMP) analogues, 8?14, bearing one or two heterocyclic moieties (imidazolyl, pyridyl, and thiazolyl) on the aminomethylene group, were synthesized as potential ZnII chelators. The complexes of analogues 8?14 with ZnII ions were characterized by their stoichiometry, geometry, coordination sites, acid/base equilibria, and stability constants. Analogues 8?14 form stable water-soluble 2:1 L/ZnII complexes, as established by ZnII titration, monitored by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Acidity and stability constants were established for each derivative by potentiometric pH titrations. ML2 type ZnII complexes of AMP, bearing either an imidazolyl or pyridyl moiety, 8, 10, and 12, exhibit high log beta values (17.68, 16.92, and 16.65, respectively), while for the AMP-thiazolyl (14) complex with ZnII, log beta is 12.53. Generally, ligands 9, 11, and 13, bearing two heterocyclic moieties, present higher log beta values (22.25, 21.00, and 18.28, respectively) vs. analogues bearing one heterocyclic moiety. Additionally, based on 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopic data, we propose a structure of the AMP-(Im)2-ZnII complex in solution, where the ZnII coordination sites involve the phosphonate moiety and both imidazolyl rings of the two binding molecules, forming an octahedral geometry around the ZnII ion. In summary, we propose a new family of water-soluble high-affinity ZnII chelators, in particular AMP-(Im)2, which forms the most stable complex (log beta 22).

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Thiazole | C3H4449NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

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Sodium azide has been found to catalyse Knoevenagel condensation between aromatic aldehyde and cyano compound with active methylene hydrogens and this has led to a successful route for the one pot synthesis of 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-(NH)-triazoles from aldehydes through Knoevenagel-[3+2]cycloaddition- elimination sequence. In the formation of 5-aryl-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4- carbonitrile derivatives, the reaction has been found to occur efficiently in water.

Sodium azide has been found to catalyse Knoevenagel condensation between aromatic aldehyde and cyano compound with active methylene hydrogens and this has led to a successful route for the one pot synthesis of 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-(NH)-triazoles from aldehydes through Knoevenagel-[3+2]cycloaddition- elimination sequence. In the formation of 5-aryl-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4- carbonitrile derivatives, the reaction has been found to occur efficiently in water.

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Thiazole | C3H4258NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

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The alpha-hydrophobic long chain-alpha-amino esters are prepared by alpha-hydroxylation of a series of fatty acid esters [derived from oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] followed by Mitsunobu reaction and hydrazinolysis of the phthalimide. These amino esters are mixed with aldehydes and electrophilic alkenes to give very good chemical yields and diastereoselectivities of prolinate derivatives incorporating a hydrophobic long chain at the alpha-position. This multicomponent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC) takes place at room temperature. The synthesis of the homologue hydrophobic chain of OA is performed by its oxidation to aldehyde/racemic N-tert-butylsulfinyl imine/Neff reaction. Final 1,3-DC with benzaldehyde and N-methylmaleimide affords homologue prolinate derivative in good yield.

The alpha-hydrophobic long chain-alpha-amino esters are prepared by alpha-hydroxylation of a series of fatty acid esters [derived from oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] followed by Mitsunobu reaction and hydrazinolysis of the phthalimide. These amino esters are mixed with aldehydes and electrophilic alkenes to give very good chemical yields and diastereoselectivities of prolinate derivatives incorporating a hydrophobic long chain at the alpha-position. This multicomponent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC) takes place at room temperature. The synthesis of the homologue hydrophobic chain of OA is performed by its oxidation to aldehyde/racemic N-tert-butylsulfinyl imine/Neff reaction. Final 1,3-DC with benzaldehyde and N-methylmaleimide affords homologue prolinate derivative in good yield.

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Thiazole | C3H4242NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

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The search for new molecular constructs that resemble the critical two-metal binding pharmacophore and the halo-substituted phenyl functionality required for HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibition represents a vibrant area of research within drug discovery. As reported herein, we have modified our recently disclosed 1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-pyrrole-2,5-dione scaffolds to design 35 novel compounds with improved biological activities against HIV-1. These new compounds show single-digit micromolar antiviral potencies against HIV-1 and low toxicity. Among of them, compound 9g and 15i had potent anti-HIV-1 activities (EC50 < 5 muM) and excellent therapeutic index (TI, CC50 /EC50 > 100). These two compounds have potential as lead compounds for further optimization into clinical anti-HIV-1 agents.

The search for new molecular constructs that resemble the critical two-metal binding pharmacophore and the halo-substituted phenyl functionality required for HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibition represents a vibrant area of research within drug discovery. As reported herein, we have modified our recently disclosed 1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-pyrrole-2,5-dione scaffolds to design 35 novel compounds with improved biological activities against HIV-1. These new compounds show single-digit micromolar antiviral potencies against HIV-1 and low toxicity. Among of them, compound 9g and 15i had potent anti-HIV-1 activities (EC50 < 5 muM) and excellent therapeutic index (TI, CC50 /EC50 > 100). These two compounds have potential as lead compounds for further optimization into clinical anti-HIV-1 agents.

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Thiazole | C3H4136NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica

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Electronic structure calculations have been used for the effective triage of substituent effects on difluorinated vinylcyclopropane precursors and their ability to undergo vinyl cyclopropane rearrangements (VCPR). Groups which effectively stabilised radicals, specifically heteroarenes, were found to result in the lowest energy barriers. Ten novel precursors were synthesised to test the accuracy of computational predictions; the most reactive species which contained heteroarenes underwent thermal rearrangements at room temperature to afford novel difluorocyclopentenes and fluorinated benzocycloheptadienes through competing VCPR and [3,3]-rearrangement pathways, respectively. More controlled rearrangement of ethyl 3-(1?(2?2?-difluoro-3?-benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropyl)propenoate (22) allowed these competing pathways to be monitored at the same time and activation energies for both reactions were determined; Ea(VCPR) = (23.4 ¡À 0.2) kcal mol-1 and Ea([3,3]) = (24.9 ¡À 0.3) kcal mol-1. Comparing our calculated activation energies with these parameters showed that no single method stood out as the most accurate for predicting barrier heights; (U)M05-2X/6-31+G? methodology remained the best for VCPR but M06-2X/6-31G? was better for the [3,3]-rearrangement. The consistency observed with (U)B3LYP/6-31G? calculations meant that it came closest to a universal method for dealing with these systems. The developed computational design model correctly predicted the observed selectivity of rearrangement pathways for both our system and literature compounds.

Electronic structure calculations have been used for the effective triage of substituent effects on difluorinated vinylcyclopropane precursors and their ability to undergo vinyl cyclopropane rearrangements (VCPR). Groups which effectively stabilised radicals, specifically heteroarenes, were found to result in the lowest energy barriers. Ten novel precursors were synthesised to test the accuracy of computational predictions; the most reactive species which contained heteroarenes underwent thermal rearrangements at room temperature to afford novel difluorocyclopentenes and fluorinated benzocycloheptadienes through competing VCPR and [3,3]-rearrangement pathways, respectively. More controlled rearrangement of ethyl 3-(1?(2?2?-difluoro-3?-benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropyl)propenoate (22) allowed these competing pathways to be monitored at the same time and activation energies for both reactions were determined; Ea(VCPR) = (23.4 ¡À 0.2) kcal mol-1 and Ea([3,3]) = (24.9 ¡À 0.3) kcal mol-1. Comparing our calculated activation energies with these parameters showed that no single method stood out as the most accurate for predicting barrier heights; (U)M05-2X/6-31+G? methodology remained the best for VCPR but M06-2X/6-31G? was better for the [3,3]-rearrangement. The consistency observed with (U)B3LYP/6-31G? calculations meant that it came closest to a universal method for dealing with these systems. The developed computational design model correctly predicted the observed selectivity of rearrangement pathways for both our system and literature compounds.

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Reference£º
Thiazole | C3H4359NS – PubChem,
Thiazole | chemical compound | Britannica